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¹ The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China.

² Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China.

³ Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China.

⁴ Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.

⁵ NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.

⁶ Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

⁷ State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P.R. China.

⁸ MOE Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials and Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China.

^↵† Corresponding author.

^↵* These authors contributed equally to this work.